Reflective Writing Models of Gibbs, David Kolb, and Jenny Moon Free Essay Example, 1500 words

Gibbs, David Kolb, and Jenny Moon, highlighting why Gibbs is the most appropriate model for students studying NVQ at levels 2and3 in Health and Social Care. Reflection is the process of using reasoning to connect both current and previous experiences so as to understand and define experience based on our accumulated and synthesized knowledge. Reflective Practice can be understood in theoretical terms as deriving from the work of Donald Schon, an educational theorist - 'reflection in action' (Schon, 1983), and has developed through what is now usually termed the experiential learning process as described and represented diagrammatically by David Kolb (Kolb, 1984) which will be further elaborated in the later part. Reflective writing is the narrative mode of analysis of the processes outlined - it explores not only what the experience was, but considers the meaning the writer attached to it at the time and subsequently, and how this meaning is likely to influence action in the future. Thus reflective writing may contribute to continued professional development in a number of ways. The process of writing reflectively may in itself be an important step in an individual's attempt to make sense of her/his practice (Coles, 2002). In this paper, three reflective writing models namely by Gibbs (1998), David Kolb, and Jenny Moon will be discussed. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflective Writing Models of Gibbs, David Kolb, and Jenny Moon or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Throughout the discussion, the elements of these models, as well as their pros and cons, will be illustrated together. The pros and cons of the different models are set in cases where there is under the supervision and without. In each case setting, pros and cons are in the context for classroom sizes of one, two and many. This is applicable for the models and the best singled out for the healthcare industry. generalizing and conceptualizing at Stage 3. At this point, the experience may be seen as an isolated example or as part of a pattern and ideas, and theories may begin to form about what the pattern is.

Justice Is Not Rigid And Unchanging Like So Many People

Justice is not rigid and unchanging like so many want to believe. For the Ancient Greeks in the 8th century, blood justice is the only way to settle disputes. By the mid-400s BCE, there are glimpses of what will later become a trial by jury in a democratic judicial system. Aeschylus’ plays show a distinct shift from blood justice to a more democratic system. Even Homer, when writing his epic works, seems to hint at a better way to resolve conflict than the â€Å"eye for an eye† mentality. The Iliad acts as book ends to the transformation of blood justice to a trial by jury as presented by The Oresteia; and that transformation positively influences how Western culture deals with justice. Blood justice to the Ancient Greeks is their way of enacting retribution on parties that did them wrong. The punishment required by blood justice must fit the crime committed, â€Å"Act for act, wound for wound† life for a life; and that leads to many turning to their rage as a to ol to help them justify their actions (Agamemnon 1555). The Iliad opens with â€Å"Rage-Goddess, sing the rage of Peleus’ son Achilles† (Iliad i.1). It is Achilles’ rage that is called upon and drives his actions through the entire work. Achilles’ rage is to right a great wrong done to him, but it comes at a deadly cost. Patroclus begs to be sent into battle to help the Greeks fight. He wants to â€Å"bring some light of victory to the Argives† by donning Achilles’ armor to boost morale and drive back the Trojans (Iliad xvi.43-49).Show MoreRelatedScarlet Letter Rough Draft : The Romantic Element Of Reverence1077 Words   |  5 Pagesoccurring roughly from the early to mid 1800’s, was the period of reformation that shaped the society into one that valued latitude over order; this contrasted from the rigid, legalistic Puritan society that had been prevalent prior to the Romantic era. Through the newfound freedom of expression that was introduced during this period, many literary pieces that reflected these ideas began to surface. Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter and James Russell Lowell’s The First Snowfall exemplify the romanticRead More Utopia in Gulliver Travels and Paradise Lost Essay2460 Words   |  10 Pagesthis land is an island inhabited by horse like creatures called Houyhnhnms who rule over man like beasts called Yahoos. 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IndeedRead MoreEssay about Justice On Trial in Kafkas The Trial3831 Words   |  16 PagesJustice On Trial in Kafkas The Trial There is no such thing as justice - in or out of court.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Clarence Darrow i Most often critically interpreted as a search for Divine justice, Kafkas The Trial, a fragmented and unfinished novel, appears to leave us with the same impression as the words above of Clarence Darrow.   In other words, there is no justice.   This assessment of Divine justice by Kafka works on two levels.   On one level, he is illustrating the helpless nature of the individualRead MoreThe Case Of The Prosecution Of Wartime Sexual Violence During The Break Up Of Yugoslavia1925 Words   |  8 Pagesargue that it is important we move away from a sense of identity as essential, primary and cohesive because the emergence of more complex schools of thought has allowed us to see the multiplicity of the groups in which people belong. 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Anthropologists usually study past cultures and preindustrial societies that continue today as well as the origins of men and women; this knowledge is used to examine contemporary societies, including even industrial societies. Economists explore the ways in which people produce and exchange goods and services, along with money and other resources. Historians are concerned with the peoples and events of the past and theirRead MoreThe Phenomenon Of Violent Political Islamism3203 Words   |  13 Pagesprograms based on Islamic principles and concepts. They aim to implement Islamic law (Sharia) in both the public and private domain. Islamism is often mobilised in existing political issues, and has become â€Å"a vehicle and vocabulary for the expression of many different agendas in the Muslim world†. It is the most dominant ideology in the Muslim world. While not all political Islamism is violent, it is undeniable that violent extremism occurs in the Middle East, North Africa, and South Asia. In this essayRead More A Dystopian Future in Brave New World Essay examples4100 Words   |  17 Pages(genetically engineered to exist in one of five classes and condition to believe that the class within which they fall is the best one for them) lose their will to rebel against the capitalistic class-divisions of their society.   Psychological mottoes and rigid class divisions have replaced traditional societal values such as family, religion and freedom.   A wonder drug that removes all psychological pain, the pursuit of carnal pleasures, and the replacement of identity and soul with idol worship of a HenryRead MoreDefining a Role-Based Organization6315 Words   |  25 Pagesother ways to classify organizations that are also changing with the times? 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Crayon almost seems to be challenging the reader to enjoy the story even though he doubts most of it, for in the postscript to the story, in which we find out that the previous narrator does not even

Effective Persuasion Week Six Assignment Free Essays

The author did a magnificent Job to persuade my thinking toward health care system in the United States that health care should be considered as a fundamental right to all U. S. Citizens. We will write a custom essay sample on Effective Persuasion Week Six Assignment or any similar topic only for you Order Now The author’s essay was easy to follow, well constructed, and straight-forward to his topic sentence. Writer had a strong introduction, supportive points, and a conclusion. The author provided enough facts to support his [her argument regarding health insurance should be accepted as basic right for all the U. S. Citizens Just like education. Health care converges are very expensive that a normal person cannot effort. I like the fact he presented in his/ her writing that even citizens with health insurance will still end up paying out of their pocket. Insurance companies more concerns about their profits than providing health coverage. There is always a waiting list or have to wait in line to see a doctor even if you are covered by insurance. The entire U. S citizens have to stand up and fight for their rights. I also legalized that the author did not use any I statements, which means the author is not bias. That is true that having health care system to the U. S. Citizens will save many lives and courage the health of all Americans. I will be using feedback from Written to make my persuasive essay more effective. Wrestling’s feedback helps to fix some of the common grammar errors such as leaving out commas, right words choices; using awkward construction such as â€Å"his/her†, spelling check, and much more can help me to make my persuasive essay more effective. Written also recommend avoiding using first and second person such as I and You in sentences. With the help of Written my essay will be grammar error free, which will sound much better when the reader will be reading it. My essay will persuade my audience every effectively. I will make sure my essay is error free and well constructed. I will be using all sorts of sentences types in my essay to ensure my audiences do not get bored or lose his/her interest while reading my essay. I will be providing strong facts and examples to support my topic sentence. To make sure my essay is not bias I will ensure not to use gender pronouns such as â€Å"he,† â€Å"she,† â€Å"him/her,† or any of these substitutions. Use of gender pronouns is awkward in academic writing and can divert the audiences from the point you are trying to make. To fix this dilemma I will be using plural nouns such â€Å"their† or â€Å"they. † I will ensure not to use â€Å"l† statement sentences such as â€Å"l think† or â€Å"l believe† to make my essay sound opinionated and ensure to provide both side of the stories so the audience do not think the my essay is biased. By Sizing How to cite Effective Persuasion Week Six Assignment, Papers

Megaloblastic Anemia free essay sample

Megaloblastic anemias ?Definition: groups of anemias characterized by macrocytosis (in the peripheral blood) and megaloblastic changes in the bone marrow. ?The megaloblasts are large blasts – bone marrow. ?In periphery= macrocytosis= macrocytic anemia ?Cause: IMPAIRED DNA SYNTHESIS due to folate/ B12 deficiency ? Vitamin B12 is involved in the synthesis of methionine from homocysteine;methionine is necessary for the synthesis of myeline; B12 deficiency will explain the neurological manifestation, because of demyelination. Also B12 is involved in the reaction that transforms folic acid from inactive form (methyl TH4) in the active form (TH4). ?Folic acid is involved in biosynthesis of nucleic acids (DNA) DNA synthesis impairment: ?Affects tissues with rapid turnover: hematopoietic precursors, gastrointestinal epithelial cell ? Takes longer for nucleus to mature, but cytoplamic synthesis is not affected = Larger cells = megaloblastic haematopoiesis Megaloblastic changes in the b one marrow (BM): ?On the erythroid line: abnormal precursors of erythrocytes called megaloblasts (large cells) ? On the granulocytic line: gigantic metamyelocytes On the megacariocytic line: large megacariocytes, with polilobulated nucleus. We will write a custom essay sample on Megaloblastic Anemia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ?Because of the destruction of the abnormal precursors in the BM (ineffective erythropoiesis, granulopoiesis, megacariopoiesis) on the hemogram we have macrocytic anemia/ leucopenia/trombocytopenia. ?On the peripheral blood smear: macrocytes, hypersegmented neutrophils. Source for both B12 and folate: exogenous. B12: ?Source: animal (meat, dairy products); usually dietary intake far exceeds needs = a deficiency is almost always due to malabsorbtion (exception: true vegetarians and their breast-fed infants). ?1 ? g is necessary every day. Liver deposits last about 3-5 years. ?Serum level: 200-600pg/ml. ?Absorption takes place in the terminal ileonum and is dependant of intrinsic factor (IF, Castle’s) secreted by parietal cells of the stomach, the same cells that secrete chlorhidric acid. ?Transcobalamin II is responsible for transporting vit. B12. Causes of deficiency I. Dietary deficiency (true vegetarians) II. Malabsorption: 1. Lack of intrinsic factor: pernicious anemia, ga strectomy, congenital defect of IF 2. Diseases of the terminal ileonum: tropical sprue, celiac diseases, Crohn disease, Resections, cancer, selective malabsorption of vit. B12 (Immerslund sdr. ) 3. Intestinal consumption of Vit. B12: PARAZITES (Botriocefal), bacteria 4. Drugs: colchicine, neomicine III. Transport and usage defects: congenital deficiency of TC II, excess of TC I and TC III with high affinity for vit. B12 (chronic myeloproliferative diseases), long exposure to NO, enzymathic defects (meilmalonuria, homocistinuria) Pernicious anemia- Addison Biermer disease ?Autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of auto-antibodies against parietal cells and against IF, resulting in atrophic gastritis and malabsorption of B12 due to IF deficiency. For the autoimmune mechanism plede the presence of anti IF antibodies in 70% of the patients, the association with other autoimmune diseases ( Basedow disease) ? Onset after 40 years, higher incidence in nordic countries ? Patients present anemia, pallor, jaundice, glossitis, mild splenomegaly, neurological and psychiatric manifestations: paresthesias, weakness, dementia, incontinence, paraplegia. Labo ratory evaluation: macrocytic anemia (MCV100 fl) leucopenia, trombocytopenia blood smear: macrocytes, hypersegmented neutrophils reticulocytes-low BM: megaloblastic changes LDH ^, low serum cobalamine (

Holocaust Essays (1353 words) - The Holocaust, Esther Hautzig

Holocaust A Terrible Tragedy The human tragedy of the Holocaust was the systematic annihilation of millions of Jews by the Nazi regime during World War II. The adversity of this persecution influenced not only the European arena, but also peoples from all over the globe and their ideas. The impact caused by this ethnic cleansing was enormous. People's lives were drastically changed as they were persecuted and tortured. Families were taken out of their homes and forced to move to distant locations in exile. Their destinations were unknown and their future was also unsettled for they did not know what would await them. That is exactly what happened to Esther Hautzig, the writer of The Endless Steppe, when she was just a little ten-year-old girl. Esther's family, the Rudomins, was wealthy and ran a business in Vilna, Poland. They lived a happy and stable life until they were claimed to be ?capitalists and therefore enemies of the people.? Consequently, they were put on a truck that would send them to the ?Endless Steppe? of Siberia, where they would struggle to survive five long years of starvation and suffering (Hautzig 12). Esther shares her feelings with the readers throughout her book; she tells us what exactly felt like to be in a cattle car full of peasants who seemed to be handling the situation in a much better way than she and her family did. She tells us of when they get to their destination and of how she attempted to gain an education in the conditions they were subjected to. Hautzig's Endless Steppe shows us the reality of the Holocaust; it puts us to think about our matters as very small and insignificant as we read about what the Rudomin Family had to go through and it makes us see how humans can become ?monsters? and performs such horrible and outrageous things such as massive murders. Another book that illustrates the calamity of the Holocaust is Memories of my life in a Polish Village, by T.K. Fluek. In her book, Toby Fluek, a small Jewish girl, describes how her family had to move to a Jewish Ghetto and go into hiding several times to save their lives when World War II began. By the end of the war, only she and her mother had survived. Toby became an artist and presents her story through the use of her own art in paintings and descriptions of them. It is amazing to hear from the people who have actually survived the Holocaust. It shows us how much we still have to learn about the world and the civilizations and how hard it is to understand the reason why we do such things to our fellow human beings. ?By 1945, two out of every three European Jews had been killed and the survivors continued to be oppressed.? (Telles 51) In addition, thousands of political and religious dissidents such as communists, socialists, trade unionists, and Jehovah's Witnesses were persecuted for their beliefs and behavior and many of these individuals died as a result of maltreatment. According to the Preface to the Study of Women and the Holocaust, ?every Jew, regardless of gender, was equally a victim in the Holocaust? (Ringelheim 17). Women, men and children were equally threatening to the Nazis. Children were seen as ?the next generation of Jews? and, therefore, would have to be banned too. ?Jewish women and men experienced unrelieved suffering during the Holocaust? and we can understand it better by reading the books that survivors of that horror wrote, sharing with us all they went through (Ringelheim 26). However, understanding should not be enough! We must be aware of all the hardship, misery and pain that the victims of the holocaust had to endure. We have to imagine what it was like and how bad it would be if something of such impact would be happening to us. Only by doing so we can prevent things like this from happening again. For example, the American Slavery and the genocide of Native American Slaves were also events of great anguish that happened in our society and that have some aspects that can be related to the Holocaust, such as the belief of a superior race and so on. In conclusion, I

Major Sport in India Essay Example

Major Sport in India Essay Example Major Sport in India Essay Major Sport in India Essay History Cricket was brought to India by British in 1700’s. The first international team arrived in India towards the end of the 19th century. First class cricket was played for the Ranji Trophy which began in 1935 and continues to today. After national independence, Indian cricket saw marked progress of the sport which culminated in the victory of Indian team in the 1983 World Cup under the captainship of Kapil Dev. Hockey was also played in British regiments in India and gained a good deal of popularity. The first Hockey club was formed in Calcutta in 1885 and Bombay and Punjab joined later. The Indian hockey team made its debut in 1928 in the Amsterdam games and never looked back, winning 8 gold medals in the Olympics games. Difference between Indian Cricket and Indian Hockey Hockey is India’s national sport. The Indian men’s field hockey team won 8 gold, 1 silver and two bronze medals in Olympics games making it a very successful hockey team. Despite being the national sport, hockey has always struggled against cricket in terms of popularity among the Indian sports fans. The Indian men’s hockey team was first non-European member of International Hockey Federation. The Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) as the name suggests, controls Indian cricket. It is a full member of ICC – International Cricket Council. Undoubtedly, cricket is the most popular sport in India and players have large fan followings. It is usually said that cricket is not just another game in India it’s a religion. Management Indian Olympic Association (IOA) and Hockey India are the bodies governing hockey in India. Hockey India was formed after the dismissal of Indian Hockey Federation in 2009 by IOA. Hockey India was formed with aim of hosting the Hockey World Cup (men) in 2010. Board of Control for Cricket in India is the governing body and is one of the richest organisations governing a sport. The selection committee, tours and sponsorship all fall under the governance of

Phonemic awareness and it's relationship to word analysis Research Paper

Phonemic awareness and it's relationship to word analysis - Research Paper Example Phonemic awareness can be considered as a subset of the phonological awareness in where listeners possess the ability to hear, and identify and the manipulate phonemes, smallest units of sound which may differentiate meaning, is Separating, spoken word " the cat" through into three separate phonemes, /?/, /k/, and /t/, requiring the phonemic awareness. National Reading Panel (NRP) had realized several years ago that the phonemic awareness may and do elates an individual’s word reading and comprehension in reading, in addition to assisting people learn to know how to spell. According to a research conducted by the University of Nairobi Phonemic awareness can safely be considered as the basis for learning the phonics. Phonemic Awareness And Phonological Awareness Phonology awareness and Phonemic awareness, more often than not are confused as most of the circumstances they are considered interdependent. Phonemic awareness capability to manipulate and hear individual phonemes. On the other hand Phonological awareness do include this capacity, in conjunction to the ability to hear and then manipulate much larger units of an individual’s sound, these includes the rimes, onsets and syllables. Several Studies by the Vickie Snider have indicated openly that the phonemic awareness possess a more than direct correlation with its students’ capability to read as they tend to get older. In fact it is claimed that Phonemic awareness do build a very strong foundation from which the students to do understand rules of English language. This as a result allows respective student to put in practice the skills and thereby increasing the student’s oral reading eloquence and in understanding of the text. Phonemic Awareness Skills Practiced With Students The above subject matter relates to the capability to differentiate and handle individual sounds, like /?/, /f/, and /t/ just as for instance in pronunciation the foot. Below are some of the general phonemi c awareness skills practiced with students: Phoneme isolation: that necessitates recognizing individual sounds in the respective words, instance, "update me the initial sound heard â€Å"paste" (/p/). Phoneme identity: that requires distinguishing common sound in dissimilar words, for instance, "update me the sound which is similar in boy, bike and bell (/b/). Phoneme substitution: where an individual has the ability to turn words like â€Å"cat† to another like "hat" just by replacing a single phoneme †/h.† for another /k/. The Phoneme substitution may and do take place for initial sounds as in the (cat-hat), the middle sounds such as the (cat-cut) or the ending sounds as in the (cat- can). Oral segmenting: A teacher may say a word like, "ball," then the students go ahead to say the respective sounds, as in /b/, /?/, and /l/. Oral blending: Teacher may say each individual sounds, as in, /b/, /?/, /l/ then the students respond by saying the word, "ball." Sound de letion: Tutor says one word, for instances, "bill," then the students repeat it, he/ she then instructs the students to replicate or repeat the word in the absence of a sound. Onset-rime manipulation: That necessitates identification, isolation, segmentation, deletion blending, of onsets â€Å"single consonant or blend which leads the vowel and behind consonants, for instance, st-op, j-ump, str-ong. For

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 21

Reflection - Essay Example It was easier for me to break down the thesis statement in various paragraphs later on. As a matter of fact, gaining information concerning the pin-pointed arguments was easier. However, skimming the correct claims to back up and support the arguments was the technical aspect of writing. I set a word count as per the points. It was due to this reason that I was able to skim the relevant and most effective information for backing up the arguments. As soon as I was able to add information in the body paragraphs, I noticed that there was an avid need of changing the topic. Initially, I selected the topic that was quite vague. Later on, with the advancement in writing ideas in the paper, I changed my topic too, â€Å"The Passion of Boxing†. The following paragraphs from two versions of my submitted written piece can explain the number of aspects that I had to work on during the re-drafting process. As the older version included the following statement, â€Å"Attending a boxing event in a boxing gym located in our neighborhood introduced me to a group of dedicated fans and boxers. Boxing is a sport that requires dedication, discipline, and communication with coaches and fans given that the game bonds us together, and makes us a family (older version)†. These above mentioned sentences did not present the true meaning effectively. It was due to this reason that I had to change the sentence from the scratch. It will not be incorrect to state that this was the paragraph where I had to make maximum changes for re-drafting. The changed version of the paper is as follows, â€Å"I was introduced to a group of dedicated fans and boxers. The group was very eager to have the time of their lives. All attendees formed a spor ting family, united by their love for the game (newer version)†. As far as language and mechanics were concerned, I noticed that there were a lot of mistakes that I was making while

CHANGING CLOTHES IN CHINA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CHANGING CLOTHES IN CHINA - Essay Example Considerably, the understanding of the different clothes of the said country gives a clear presentation as to how the people within the region developed from being traditional towards becoming liberated and more expressive until the present times of modernity. How did the revolution affect the recognition of culture on the part of the Chinese people Truthfully, the changes in the people's clothes also denoted the changes that were happening within the Chinese community. As the years pass, the classical understanding of China with regards their culture and traditional being has been replaced by the trends of the west and the undeniable fact that globalization has already entered the classical years of the Chinese life thus suggesting a much more different approach to clothing on the part of the natives. As the foreigners started coming in and out of China for tourism and other businesses in concern, it could be observed that the clothing of the Chinese people also began to develop. It is considerably undeniable that the clothes of the Chinese society began to take new shape and has begun to flood the international market. Apparently, the Chinese clothing line is considered to be one of the major products that bring in profit to the national economy.

Planeación estratégica

Planeacià ³n estratà ©gica REPASO DE CONCEPTOS Bà SICOS Planeacià ³n: Proceso de establecer objetivos y escoger el medio mà ¡s apropiado para el logro de los mismos. Planeacià ³n estratà ©gica: Proceso por el cual los miembros guà ­a de una organizacià ³n prevà ©n su futuro y desarrolla los procedimientos y operaciones necesarias para alcanzarlo. La planeacià ³n estratà ©gica debe de responder a 3 preguntas:  ¿Hacia dà ³nde va?  ¿Cuà ¡l es el entorno?  ¿Cà ³mo lograrlo? La estrategia se involucra en 6 factores crà ­ticos Desarrollo consistente, explicito y proactivo Medio para establecer el propà ³sito en la organizacià ³n basado en los objetivos de largo plazo, planes de accià ³n y asignacià ³n de recursos En quà © tipo de negocio se està ¡ La estrategia representa una respuesta al FODA para la ventaja competitiva La estrategia ayuda a diferenciar las tareas ejecutivas y administrativas y los roles a nivel corporativo de negocio y funcionales. Constituye una forma de definir la contribucià ³n econà ³mica y no econà ³mica que la organizacià ³n harà ¡ a sus grupos de interà ©s, su razà ³n de ser. Administracià ³n estratà ©gica: Es la ejecucià ³n de la planeacià ³n estratà ©gica. Planeacià ³n tà ¡ctica y operativa: Se relacionan a cà ³mo hacer el trabajo, mientras que la planeacià ³n estratà ©gica se dedica a decir quà © se debe hacer. DIRECCIONAMIENTO ESTRATÉGICO: Es una disciplina que a travà ©s de un proceso denominado planeacià ³n estratà ©gica compila la estrategia de mercado que define la orientacià ³n de los productos y servicios hacia el mercado.  ¿Por quà © es importante desarrollar un plan estratà ©gico? La necesidad de contar con una visià ³n comà ºn y un sentido de trabajo en equipo El deseo de controlar el destino de la empresa El afà ¡n de obtener mà ¡s recursos para la operacià ³n. La percepcià ³n de que los à ©xitos operativos actuales de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a no eran garantà ­a para el futuro La necesidad de salir de los problemas La oportunidad de explotar un nueva coyuntura o abordar una nueva amenaza. La necesidad de pasarse la antorcha y cargarla cuando hay relevos en la direccià ³n. La planeacià ³n puede tener 4 enfoques: Reactiva o planeacià ³n a travà ©s del espejo retrovisor Inactiva o que va con la corriente Preactiva o que se prepara para el futuro Proactiva o que diseà ±a el futuro y hace que à ©ste suceda. ESTRATEGIAS Para el diseà ±o de la estrategia del negocio se debe conocer el perfil estratà ©gico de la empresa, el cual incluye: Su enfoque de innovacià ³n Su orientacià ³n hacia la toma de riesgos Su capacidad de crear el futuro en forma proactiva Su posicià ³n competitiva Elementos del diseà ±o de la estrategia del negocio: Identificar las principales là ­neas de negocios o actividades estratà ©gicas que la empresa desarrollara para cumplir su misià ³n. Establecer los indicadores crà ­ticos de à ©xito que permitirà ¡n a la organizacià ³n al progreso en cada là ­nea de negocio. Identificar las acciones estratà ©gicas mediante las cuales la empresa lograrà ¡ su visià ³n de la condicià ³n futura ideal. Determinar la cultura necesaria para apoyar el logro de las là ­neas de negocio, los indicadores crà ­ticos de à ©xito y las acciones estratà ©gicas. Grandes estrategias: Una gran estrategia consiste en un enfoque amplio y general que guà ­a las acciones de una là ­nea de negocio. Las grandes estrategias indican la manera como se pretenden lograr los planes estratà ©gicos de cada là ­nea de negocio. Pierce y Robinson identifican 12 grandes estrategias: Crecimiento concentrado o concentrarse en un solo producto que haya sido el soporte rentable de la organizacià ³n. Desarrollo del mercado, es decir, agregar nuevos consumidores a los mercados relacionados. Desarrollo de productos, es decir, crear productos nuevos y relacionados que se puedan vender en los mercados existentes. Innovacià ³n, o generacià ³n de productos tan novedosos y superiores que los existentes se vuelvan obsoletos. Integracià ³n horizontal, es decir, adquirir o fusionarse con una organizacià ³n similar, para reducir la competencia. Integracià ³n vertical: desarrollar una red interna de suministros o desarrollar un sistema de distribucià ³n interna que acerque mà ¡s la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a a sus usuarios finales. Joint-venture o hacer equipo con otra organizacià ³n para desarrollar un nuevo producto o mercado. Diversificacià ³n concà ©ntrica: adquirir o fusionarse con otras empresas que sean compatibles con la tecnologà ­a, mercados o productos de la empresa. Diversificacià ³n: adquirir o fusionarse con una compaà ±Ãƒ ­a que equilibre sus fortalezas y debilidades. Atrincheramiento o reversar las tendencias negativas en las utilidades mediante una variedad de mà ©todos de reduccià ³n de costos. Desistimiento: vender por completo o cerrar definitivamente un segmento de la organizacià ³n. Liquidacià ³n o venta total de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a de acuerdo con sus activos tangibles y cierre definitivo. MODELO DE PLANEACIÓN ESTRATÉGICA (PE) Para la realizacià ³n de un plan estratà ©gico es necesario seguir los siguientes pasos: 1. Planeacià ³n para planear: Obtener respuestas antes de la inicializacià ³n de cualquier proceso de planeacià ³n. (Quien, cuando, donde, como.) 2. Monitoreo del entorno: Se debe monitorear 4 entornos principales: Macroentorno Industrial Competitivo Interno de la organizacià ³n 3. Bà ºsqueda de valores: Consiste en un examen de los valores actuales, la filosofà ­a de trabajo, los supuestos en las operaciones, la cultura organizacional, los valores de los grupos de interà ©s en su futuro. Valor segà ºn Rokeach: una conviccià ³n permanente de que una forma especà ­fica de conducta o estado final de existencia se prefiere de manera personal o social ante una forma opuesta de conducta o condicià ³n final de existencia. 4. Formulacià ³n de la misià ³n: Desarrollar un enunciado claro del tipo de negocio en que se halla la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a. (Que, para quien, cà ³mo y por quà ©.) 5. Diseà ±o de la estrategia de negocio: Implica el intento inicial de la organizacià ³n para descubrir en detalle los pasos a travà ©s de los cuales se logra la misià ³n de la organizacià ³n. Acciones del proceso de diseà ±o: Identificar: LDN: productos o servicios que ofrecerà ¡ la organizacià ³n en el futuro. Establecer: ICE: indicadores crà ­ticos de à ©xito. Identificar acciones estratà ©gicas mediante las cuales la empresa lograrà ¡ su visià ³n de la condicià ³n futura ideal. Determinar la cultura necesaria para apoyar a las 3 anteriores. 6. Auditoria del desempeà ±o: Desarrollar una comprensià ³n clara de del desempeà ±o actual. FODA, el propà ³sito es poder proporcionar datos para el anà ¡lisis de brechas. 7. Anà ¡lisis de Brechas: Identificar las brechas entre el desempeà ±o actual y el desempeà ±o que se requiere para la exitosa realizacià ³n del modelo de estrategia del negocio. Evaluacià ³n de la realidad vs auditoria del desempeà ±o. El fin es cerrar las brechas entre lo actual y lo deseado en la estrategia de negocios, para ello està ¡n: Ampliar el tiempo para lograr el objetivo, Reducir el alcance del objetivo, Reasignar los recursos y obtener nuevos recursos. 8. Integracià ³n de los planes de accià ³n: Cada LDN debe desarrollar estrategias o planes maestros de negocios. Diversas unidades deben desarrollar planes operativos con base al plan. Pierce y Robinson hablan de 12 estrategias diferentes que se pueden implementar: Crecimiento Concentrado (en un solo producto) Desarrollo de Mercado Desarrollo del producto (crear nuevos bienes) Innovacià ³n Integracià ³n Horizontal Integracià ³n vertical Joint Venture ( Unirse solo para formar un nuevo producto) Diversificacià ³n concà ©ntrica ( adquirir o fusionarse con compaà ±Ãƒ ­as compatibles) Diversificacià ³n Atrincheramiento ( reduccià ³n de costos ) Desposeimiento Liquidacià ³n 9. Planeacià ³n de Contingencias: La planeacià ³n de contingencias implica: Identificar las amenazas y las oportunidades internas y externas Desarrollar puntos de partida a fin de iniciar acciones para cada contingencia Acordar los pasos respectivos para cada punto de partida 10. Implementacià ³n: Implica la iniciacià ³n concurrente de de varios planes tà ¡cticos y operativos diseà ±ados en el nivel funcional mas el monitoreo y la integracià ³n de los planes a nivel organizacional. DEFINICIÓN DE LOS VALORES DE LA ORGANIZACIÓN: La bà ºsqueda de valores en la planeacià ³n estratà ©gica aplicada involucra un anà ¡lisis profundo de los siguientes 5 elementos: Los valores personales del equipo de planeacià ³n Los valores de la organizacià ³n como un todo La filosofà ­a de la organizacià ³n La cultura de la organizacià ³n Los grupos de interà ©s de la organizacià ³n Como manejar las diferencias de valores personales: No pasar por alto un escozor Trabajar en la diferencia antes que se convierta en un problema. Las personas que tienen diferencias deben dialogar y tratar de resolverlas por sus propias cuentas Es bueno solicitar sugerencias al consultor sobre como acercarse a la otra persona o como definir el asunto de la mejor manera. Si alguien se acerca a usted con una diferencia de valores debe estar dispuesto a trabajar con ella sobre ese problema. Si despuà ©s de haber intentado solucionar el problema por su propia cuenta, no hay ningà ºn cambio, debe buscar la ayuda de un consultor. Si un individuo se queja ante usted de los valores de otra persona, motà ­velo a analizar el asunto con dicha persona. ANà LISIS Y MONITOREO DEL ENTORNO: Dos aspectos del proceso y alcance del monitoreo del entorno: a. Tipos de informacià ³n obtenida y la forma como se debe utilizar esta b. Efectividad del sistema de compilacià ³n, almacenamiento, procesamiento, integracià ³n y difusià ³n de la informacià ³n. La informacià ³n debe identificar oportunidades y amenazas emergentes en el entorno externo. Luego debe identificar sus fortalezas y debilidades para responder a estas oportunidades y amenazas. Se deben examinar con regularidad 4 entornos: Macroentorno Entorno industrial Entorno competitivo Entorno interno organizacional Aspectos econà ³micos: Tasas de interà ©s, Ciclo del negocio (afecta a la contraccià ³n expansià ³n) 5 pasos para el sistema de bà ºsqueda de informacià ³n estratà ©gica: Identificar las necesidades de informacià ³n de la empresa en especial para la siguiente fase de la planeacià ³n estratà ©gica. Generar una lista de fuentes de informacià ³n que proporcionen datos esenciales. Identificar a quienes participaran en el proceso de monitoreo del entorno (no miembros del equipo de planeacià ³n). Asignar tareas de monitoreo a varios miembros de la organizacià ³n Almacenar y difundir la informacià ³n AUDITORIA DEL DESEMPEÑO: El equipo de planeacià ³n debe evaluar donde se encuentra la organizacià ³n actualmente con respeto a: Perfil estratà ©gico  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   LDN  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Estrategias  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cultura 1. Anà ¡lisis FODA: Fortalezas y debilidades internas: Identificar las debilidades que es necesario manejar o evitar cuando se formule el plan y asà ­ mismo las fortalezas que se pueden aprovechar para lograr el futuro deseado. Oportunidades y amenazas externas: El equipo de planeacià ³n debe estudiar competidores, proveedores, mercados y clientes, tendencias econà ³micas, condiciones del mercado laboral y reglamentos gubernamentales en todos los niveles que puedan influir en la empresa, en forma negativa o positiva. La auditoria del desempeà ±o interno debe cumplir con 5 à ¡reas clave: El estado de cada uno de las là ­neas de negocio actuales de la organizacià ³n y sus recursos no aprovechados con relacià ³n a cualquier là ­nea de negocio que se pueda agregar. El estado de sus sistemas de seguimiento, es decir, la disponibilidad de los indicadores crà ­ticos de à ©xito identificados en el diseà ±o de la estrategia del negocio. El perfil estratà ©gico de la organizacià ³n, en especial, sus niveles de creatividad, sus niveles usuales de toma de riesgos y su enfoque de la competencia. Los recursos del sistema para ejecutar las diversas estrategias que la empresa ha escogido a fin de lograr su misià ³n, incluidas su estructura y talento administrativo. Un anà ¡lisis de la cultura organizacional actual, incluida su actual forma de realizar los negocios. 2. Là ­neas de negocio: El primer paso en la auditoria del desempeà ±o interno consiste en analizar cada là ­nea de negocio existente. Se debe tratar de utilizar los indicadores crà ­ticos de à ©xito establecidos durante el diseà ±o de la estrategia de negocio. Esto permitirà ¡ determinar si hay un sistema de seguimiento adecuado o planear uno en caso de que sea necesario. 3. Sistemas de seguimiento: La auditoria del desempeà ±o interno, que requiere la compilacià ³n y estudio de una variedad de indicadores del desempeà ±o, representa un examen general del desempeà ±o recuente de la organizacià ³n en tà ©rminos de los à ­ndices bà ¡scios de desempeà ±o que se hayan identificado como decisivos en el perfil estratà ©gico. Algunos ejemplos son: Flujo de caja, crecimiento, contratacià ³n, tecnologà ­a, operaciones, TIR. 4. Perfil estratà ©gico Es necesario incluir los siguientes 4 factores en el perfil estratà ©gico de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a: El nivel de creatividad Utilizacià ³n previa en la construccià ³n del futuro en forma proactiva Su orientacià ³n hacia la toma de riesgos Su posicià ³n competitiva tà ­pica Cuando la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a se fundamenta en estos factores su perfil estratà ©gico proporciona un contexto para comprender como empezara a ejecutar cualquier plan estratà ©gico. 5. Anà ¡lisis de los recursos: Para hacer este anà ¡lisis se debe hacer la siguiente pregunta:  ¿Cuà ¡les son los recursos actuales del sistema? Debe incluir competencias de personas, vacà ­os a llenar y cà ³mo hacerlo, recursos financieros para el crecimiento y como podrà ­an enfrentarse, etc. 6. Cultura Organizacional:  ¿De quà © manera ayuda o interfiere con la consecucià ³n de su misià ³n? Un mà ©todo para organizar las diversas impresiones de la cultura de la empresa consiste en utilizar el modelo de Harrison y Stokes hay 4 diferentes tipos de cultura organizacional: Cultura del poder Cultura del rol Cultura del logro Cultura del apoyo 7. Herramientas analà ­ticas adicionales: Ciclo de vida Los productos o servicios determinados progresan a travà ©s de una serie de etapas identificadas como un ciclo de vida. Las etapas son surgimiento, crecimiento, madurez y decadencia. Se debe identificar en que etapa del ciclo se encuentra cada LDN y en cual se hallan los productos o servicios clave. Anà ¡lisis de portafolio BCG: Los productos o servicios se catalogan en perro, vaca lechera, signo de interrogacià ³n o nià ±o problema, de acuerdo a las utilidades y volumen de ventas. 9. Oportunidades y amenazas externas: Se deben incluir los siguientes entornos: Entorno industrial: Cliente, disponibilidad MP, mezcla actual de marketing, ciclo de vida de la industria Competitivo: Intensidad de la rivalidad, amenaza de nuevos competidores, poder negociacià ³n de compradores, poder de negociacià ³n de los proveedores, la presià ³n de sustitutos. General: Econà ³mico, social, polà ­tico Especà ­fico: Aspectos no competitivos del entorno industrial, clientes, disponibilidad de materia prima, mezcla de marketing, ciclo de vida de la industria. ANà LISIS FODA: Despuà ©s de desarrollar el plan estratà ©gico, el equipo de planeacià ³n debe avaluar en donde se encuentra la organizacià ³n actualmente con respecto a cada uno de los aspectos. Es decir, se debe hacer una auditoria del desempeà ±o. Esto constituye un esfuerzo para identificar que es y donde se encuentra la organizacià ³n en la actualidad. Implica un estudio profundo y simultà ¡neo, tanto de sus debilidades y fortalezas internas, como de aquellos factores externos, es decir, oportunidades y amenazas que afronta la empresa. Una forma de hacer esta evaluacià ³n es utilizando la herramienta FODA: Fortalezas y debilidades internas: Identificar las debilidades que es necesario manejar o evitar cuando se formule el plan y asà ­ mismo las fortalezas que se pueden aprovechar para lograr el futuro deseado. Oportunidades y amenazas externas: El equipo de planeacià ³n debe estudiar competidores, proveedores, mercados y clientes, tendencias econà ³micas, condiciones del mercado laboral y reglamentos gubernamentales en todos los niveles que puedan influir en la empresa, en forma negativa o positiva. La auditoria del desempeà ±o interno debe cumplir con 5 à ¡reas clave: El estado de cada uno de las là ­neas de negocio actuales de la organizacià ³n y sus recursos no aprovechados con relacià ³n a cualquier là ­nea de negocio que se pueda agregar. El estado de sus sistemas de seguimiento, es decir, la disponibilidad de los indicadores crà ­ticos de à ©xito identificados en el diseà ±o de la estrategia del negocio. El perfil estratà ©gico de la organizacià ³n, en especial, sus niveles de creatividad, sus niveles usuales de toma de riesgos y su enfoque de la competencia. Los recursos del sistema para ejecutar las diversas estrategias que la empresa ha escogido a fin de lograr su misià ³n, incluidas su estructura y talento administrativo. Un anà ¡lisis de la cultura organizacional actual, incluida su actual forma de realizar los negocios. FORMULACIÓN DE LA VISIÓN Y LA MISIÓN: Este paso le sigue a la definicià ³n de los valores de la empresa, ya que tanto la misià ³n como la visià ³n deben ser congruentes con los valores establecidos. Una declaracià ³n de la misià ³n dirige la razà ³n de ser fundamental de la empresa y especifica el rol principal que esta va a desempeà ±ar en su entorno. Al formular la declaracià ³n de la misià ³n, una organizacià ³n debe responder 4 preguntas fundamentales:  ¿Quà © funciones desempeà ±a la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a?  ¿Para quià ©n desempeà ±a esta funcià ³n la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a?  ¿Cà ³mo va la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a en el cumplimiento de su funcià ³n?  ¿Por quà © existe la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a? Fuerzas conductoras Otro factor importante que se debe considerar es identificar y dar prioridad a las fuerzas conductoras de la empresa. Hay 8 categorà ­as bà ¡sicas: Productos ofrecidos Mercado atendido Tecnologà ­a Capacidad de produccià ³n a bajo costo Capacidad de operaciones Mà ©todo de distribucià ³n / venta Recursos naturales Utilidad / retorno

Muhammad Bio Essay examples -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Muhammad is by far one of the most influential men in the history of the religious world. Even today his teachings are still worldly known and his views on dying for a place in heaven result in our terrorist bombings, suicide, and even the world trade center disaster. To understand the fundamentals and the reasons why Islam is a violent religion you have to divert back to the teachings of Muhammad and his life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Muhammad was born around 572 B.C to his father Abdallah and his mother Amina. Both of Muhammad’s parents died when he was quite young, but he stayed with his grandfather for two years. Soon after he stayed in the care of his uncle Abu Talib and was soon put to work in the caravans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While working in these caravans he met the owner Kadijiah. He married her when he was 25 and she was 15 years older than him at 40. They later had seven children but that did not settle him down for he married several other women to gain political power or compassion from the widows he married. It was also a rumor that he arranged the deaths of the women he married.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It was ...